stonewall: rock textures from heightmaps
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1) massaging
the heightmap to represent a stone is not trivial, and 2) heightmaps
generate meshes that start to bog down render processing. Cutting to
the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone walls, unimaginatively
called stonewall. It's a command-line program that takes in
black-and-white pictures representing wall profiles, black background
and white stones, like this:
and generate a .3mf or .stl file that looks like this:
It's a kludgy program that uses OpenCV, libnoise, and Manifold libraries
to do the heavy lifting, where OpenCV FindContours extracts polygons
from the input image, libnoise generates a stone texture for each
polygon, and Manifold and some code I wrote use the contour to shape the
heightmap and generate the mesh. A particular feature is that it will
bevel the heightmap to the edges of the contour, representing how stones
are sometimes shaped for incorporation into a wall.
I posted the code and a Windows release .zip as a repository at my
github account:
https://github.com/butcherg/stonewall
The .zip file contains stonewall.exe, the above wall.png, a libnoise
network definition, and shell scripts (bash and Windows CMD) to run
stonewall with the appropriate parameters.
Oh, warning, compiling stonewall is a mess. libnoise, for instance,
isn't in any of the distro package repositories I inspected, so you'll
have to use the -DBUILD_LIBNOISE=... cmake logic. For the Windows
build, I had to manually add symbolic links and move one .a file around
to get it to link.
stonewall's simplify parameter is of particular interest. So-called
'naive' heightmap mesh algorithms take the row-column height data and
build mesh triangles between their implied coordinates; two triangles in
each such sector is minimum, but four provide more definition. Either
way, that adds a LOT of triangles to the render. Being a
bear-of-little-brain, that's what I implemented in stonewall. Just a
few days ago, looking at the Manifold documentation I found the
Simplify() method for the Manifold class, hmm, wondered what that would
do to mess up my textures. To my delight, I found that small input
precisions significantly reduced the number of triangles in a heightmap
mesh without degrading the definition, at least for my target
application of 3D resin printing. Correspondingly, it reduced render
times from tens of seconds to a couple of seconds max for the largest
wall of my model. OpenSCAD might consider adding this as a parameter to
surface(), enabled when Manifold is the back-end renderer.
Anyway, for what it's worth...
Glenn Butcher
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not trivial, and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down render processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
--
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If you’re willing to have the texture repeat you can certainly use BOSL2’s
texture features. Note that you can texture many things including
extrusions, sweeps, and even general vnfs. Not just tiles.
I’m not sure there would be any advantage to textured_tile if you want a
non repeating texture.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 13:00 Jon Bondy via Discuss <
discuss@lists.openscad.org> wrote:
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not trivial, and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down render processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
--
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Is there any way to generate a texture using a random number generator?
On 10/31/2025 1:09 PM, Adrian Mariano via Discuss wrote:
If you’re willing to have the texture repeat you can certainly use
BOSL2’s texture features. Note that you can texture many things
including extrusions, sweeps, and even general vnfs. Not just tiles.
I’m not sure there would be any advantage to textured_tile if you want
a non repeating texture.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 13:00 Jon Bondy via Discuss
discuss@lists.openscad.org wrote:
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's
textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__github.com_BelfrySCAD_BOSL2_wiki_shapes3d.scad-23functionmodule-2Dtextured-5Ftile&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=AsrE-c7ZR7B2Kyr3qgfvvppkCEBVsNmwEMndcrRSuOI&m=94c640gSdnO_26wm-ls8wTVgbvhcuHMHvF3xSn_AVX3HxNiVRpTVwedXkiQIcrBs&s=IrAaeBsPVSsaLALMcA_KjrFMZrJjXRmcj-zqCZnF8lk&e=>
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not trivial,
and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down render
processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
--
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That's what libnoise does, using math of a category called 'coherent noise' . Google 'perlin noise'...
stonewall reads network definitions digestible by libnoise; each time you run Stonewall with a particular noise definition, you get a different pattern, with the same general shape.
On October 31, 2025 11:15:40 AM MDT, Jon Bondy via Discuss discuss@lists.openscad.org wrote:
Is there any way to generate a texture using a random number generator?
On 10/31/2025 1:09 PM, Adrian Mariano via Discuss wrote:
If you’re willing to have the texture repeat you can certainly use BOSL2’s texture features. Note that you can texture many things including extrusions, sweeps, and even general vnfs. Not just tiles.
I’m not sure there would be any advantage to textured_tile if you want a non repeating texture.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 13:00 Jon Bondy via Discuss discuss@lists.openscad.org wrote:
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's
textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__github.com_BelfrySCAD_BOSL2_wiki_shapes3d.scad-23functionmodule-2Dtextured-5Ftile&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=AsrE-c7ZR7B2Kyr3qgfvvppkCEBVsNmwEMndcrRSuOI&m=94c640gSdnO_26wm-ls8wTVgbvhcuHMHvF3xSn_AVX3HxNiVRpTVwedXkiQIcrBs&s=IrAaeBsPVSsaLALMcA_KjrFMZrJjXRmcj-zqCZnF8lk&e=>
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not trivial,
and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down render
processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
-- This email has been checked for viruses by AVG antivirus software.
www.avg.com
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I wonder if something like this could be incorporated in BOSL2
On 10/31/2025 1:53 PM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
That's what libnoise does, using math of a category called 'coherent
noise' . Google 'perlin noise'...
stonewall reads network definitions digestible by libnoise; each time
you run Stonewall with a particular noise definition, you get a
different pattern, with the same general shape.
On October 31, 2025 11:15:40 AM MDT, Jon Bondy via Discuss
discuss@lists.openscad.org wrote:
Is there any way to generate a texture using a random number
generator?
On 10/31/2025 1:09 PM, Adrian Mariano via Discuss wrote:
If you’re willing to have the texture repeat you can certainly
use BOSL2’s texture features. Note that you can texture many
things including extrusions, sweeps, and even general vnfs. Not
just tiles.
I’m not sure there would be any advantage to textured_tile if you
want a non repeating texture.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 13:00 Jon Bondy via Discuss
<discuss@lists.openscad.org> wrote:
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's
textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__github.com_BelfrySCAD_BOSL2_wiki_shapes3d.scad-23functionmodule-2Dtextured-5Ftile&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=AsrE-c7ZR7B2Kyr3qgfvvppkCEBVsNmwEMndcrRSuOI&m=94c640gSdnO_26wm-ls8wTVgbvhcuHMHvF3xSn_AVX3HxNiVRpTVwedXkiQIcrBs&s=IrAaeBsPVSsaLALMcA_KjrFMZrJjXRmcj-zqCZnF8lk&e=>
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone
walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not
trivial, and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down render
processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone
walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line
program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall
profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
--
This email has been checked for viruses by AVG antivirus
software.
www.avg.com
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Well, dotSCAD implements Perlin noise in OpenSCAD. Alex has also been
working on a new implementation that would appear in BOSL2, but it's not
his primary project right now. I don't know how it would differ from the
dotSCAD implementation.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 2:28 PM Jon Bondy via Discuss <
discuss@lists.openscad.org> wrote:
I wonder if something like this could be incorporated in BOSL2
On 10/31/2025 1:53 PM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
That's what libnoise does, using math of a category called 'coherent
noise' . Google 'perlin noise'...
stonewall reads network definitions digestible by libnoise; each time you
run Stonewall with a particular noise definition, you get a different
pattern, with the same general shape.
On October 31, 2025 11:15:40 AM MDT, Jon Bondy via Discuss
discuss@lists.openscad.org discuss@lists.openscad.org wrote:
Is there any way to generate a texture using a random number generator?
On 10/31/2025 1:09 PM, Adrian Mariano via Discuss wrote:
If you’re willing to have the texture repeat you can certainly use
BOSL2’s texture features. Note that you can texture many things including
extrusions, sweeps, and even general vnfs. Not just tiles.
I’m not sure there would be any advantage to textured_tile if you want a
non repeating texture.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 13:00 Jon Bondy via Discuss <
discuss@lists.openscad.org> wrote:
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__github.com_BelfrySCAD_BOSL2_wiki_shapes3d.scad-23functionmodule-2Dtextured-5Ftile&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=AsrE-c7ZR7B2Kyr3qgfvvppkCEBVsNmwEMndcrRSuOI&m=94c640gSdnO_26wm-ls8wTVgbvhcuHMHvF3xSn_AVX3HxNiVRpTVwedXkiQIcrBs&s=IrAaeBsPVSsaLALMcA_KjrFMZrJjXRmcj-zqCZnF8lk&e=
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not trivial, and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down render processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate stone walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
--
This email has been checked for viruses by AVG antivirus software.
www.avg.com
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libnoise is worth a study. The API presents noise sources and various
operators as nodes, so the user declares nodes then connects their
sources and sinks to make a network. I wrote a command line tool that
shells the C++ calls with a definition file, and stonewall uses that
parser internally to accept definition files and construct the
corresponding libnoise network. The network I used in my example looks
like this (graph generated from noisetool dot-compatible output):
https://libnoise.sourceforge.net/ (fork with CMake build files:
https://github.com/eXpl0it3r/libnoise)
https://github.com/butcherg/noisetool
On 10/31/2025 10:13 PM, Adrian Mariano via Discuss wrote:
Well, dotSCAD implements Perlin noise in OpenSCAD. Alex has also been
working on a new implementation that would appear in BOSL2, but it's
not his primary project right now. I don't know how it would differ
from the dotSCAD implementation.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 2:28 PM Jon Bondy via Discuss
discuss@lists.openscad.org wrote:
I wonder if something like this could be incorporated in BOSL2
On 10/31/2025 1:53 PM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
That's what libnoise does, using math of a category called
'coherent noise' . Google 'perlin noise'...
stonewall reads network definitions digestible by libnoise; each
time you run Stonewall with a particular noise definition, you
get a different pattern, with the same general shape.
On October 31, 2025 11:15:40 AM MDT, Jon Bondy via Discuss
<discuss@lists.openscad.org> <mailto:discuss@lists.openscad.org>
wrote:
Is there any way to generate a texture using a random number
generator?
On 10/31/2025 1:09 PM, Adrian Mariano via Discuss wrote:
If you’re willing to have the texture repeat you can
certainly use BOSL2’s texture features. Note that you can
texture many things including extrusions, sweeps, and even
general vnfs. Not just tiles.
I’m not sure there would be any advantage to textured_tile
if you want a non repeating texture.
On Fri, Oct 31, 2025 at 13:00 Jon Bondy via Discuss
<discuss@lists.openscad.org> wrote:
Glenn:
Your efforts show a lot of determination!
Each time I ponder your project, I think about BOSL2's
textured_tile()
facility, and I wonder whether you can use this
https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2/wiki/shapes3d.scad#functionmodule-textured_tile
<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__github.com_BelfrySCAD_BOSL2_wiki_shapes3d.scad-23functionmodule-2Dtextured-5Ftile&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=AsrE-c7ZR7B2Kyr3qgfvvppkCEBVsNmwEMndcrRSuOI&m=94c640gSdnO_26wm-ls8wTVgbvhcuHMHvF3xSn_AVX3HxNiVRpTVwedXkiQIcrBs&s=IrAaeBsPVSsaLALMcA_KjrFMZrJjXRmcj-zqCZnF8lk&e=>
Jon
On 10/31/2025 11:53 AM, Glenn Butcher via Discuss wrote:
I'm building a scale model of a railroad station with
stone walls.
Using heightmaps for stone textures, found out two
things: 1)
massaging the heightmap to represent a stone is not
trivial, and 2)
heightmaps generate meshes that start to bog down
render processing.
Cutting to the chase, I wrote a program to generate
stone walls,
unimaginatively called stonewall. It's a command-line
program that
takes in black-and-white pictures representing wall
profiles, black
background and white stones, like this:
--
This email has been checked for viruses by AVG antivirus
software.
www.avg.com
<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.avg.com&d=DwMFaQ&c=euGZstcaTDllvimEN8b7jXrwqOf-v5A_CdpgnVfiiMM&r=AsrE-c7ZR7B2Kyr3qgfvvppkCEBVsNmwEMndcrRSuOI&m=94c640gSdnO_26wm-ls8wTVgbvhcuHMHvF3xSn_AVX3HxNiVRpTVwedXkiQIcrBs&s=eJ7i-SOv9Jci4jRPEekKv5t-ruuaiAYIHp2EFzV3Njo&e=>
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