OK, so I may have a partial answer for you.
I'm not completely certain, but I think that the list of fonts that's
embedded in that program is a list of fonts that's available on some
Linux system, perhaps the one that Thingiverse runs its Customizer on.
I tried several, and duplicated what you saw, that nothing changed.
Then I looked at Help/Font List, picked one of those, added it to the
list in the program, and picked that... and it worked.
It is a ... feature ... of the font selection mechanism that OpenSCAD
uses that it never fails. It always tries to find the closest match for
what you asked for... even if that match doesn't resemble what you asked
for at all.
https://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html
Font Matching
Fontconfig performs matching by measuring the distance from a
provided pattern to all of the available fonts in the system. The
closest matching font is selected. This ensures that a font will
always be returned, but doesn't ensure that it is anything like the
requested pattern.
This lets you say things like "sans:italic" and get something
reasonable, no matter what system you're on and what fonts it has
installed. But it also means that when you say "MySpecialFont" and that
font isn't on the system, you silently get some default.
I think that you should be able to say "give me something that exactly
matches my specification, or fail". Your specification might be really
specific, like "Arial Bold Italic", or it might be really loose, like
"sans:italic". But that's not what it does.